Biomonitoring Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) Using Lichen Transplant Usnea misaminensis: A Case Study from Malaysia

Urban air pollution has been a major concern due to its impact on global public health. Various techniques for monitoring urban quality have developed. However, there is currently dearth of research how effective bioaccumulators such as lichen are at pollution. As result, the purpose this investigate use U. misaminensis biological indicator biomonitoring in Malaysia. Three months were spent exposing samples three Malaysian cities (Kuala Lumpur, Penang, and Johor Bahru). The trace element content vitality lichens assessed. results study revealed that an measuring 25 elements pollutants metropolitan areas. They also all accumulated area sample greater than control sample. rate dropped when compared with sample, indicating increase will any component. In study, two arguments made: (a) Lichen excellent indicator, particularly potentially toxic elements; (b) traffic primary contributor pollution; hence, local government requires better plan design areas decrease build-up.